Дэниел Ергин - В поисках энергии. Ресурсные войны, новые технологии и будущее энергетики

3. Gail Cooper, Air-Conditioning America: Engineers and Controlled Environment, 1900–1960 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), pp. 9–10; Mechanical Engineering, May 2000 (jackets).

4. Claude Wampler, “Dr. Willis H. Carrier: Father of Air Conditioning,” The Newcomen Society of England, 1949; Margaret Ingels, Willis Haviland Carrier: Father of Air Conditioning (Louisville: Fetter Printing Company, 1991), pp. 33–34 (“manufactured weather”).

5. Ingels, Willis Haviland Carrier, pp. 63–79 (Madison Square Garden); “The Milam Building,” American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1991 (high-rise); Popular Mechanics, July 1939 (Damascus and Baghdad).

6. New York Times, June 2, 2002.

7. Interview with Leon Glicksman.

8. Gary Simon to author.

9. Interview with Lee Schipper.

10. National Association of Home Builders, Housing Facts, Figures, and Trends, May 2007, p. 13; National Petroleum Council, “Residential Commercial Efficiency,” July 18, 2007, p. 12.

11. Jone-Lin Wang, “Why Are We Using More Electricity?” Wall Street Journal, March10, 2010 (“gadgiwatts”); The Climate Group, “Smart 2020: Enabling the Low Carbon Economy in the Information Age,” 2008 (120 million); G. I. Meijer, “Cooling Energy-Hungry Data Centers,” Science 328, no. 5976 (2010), pp. 318–19.

12. Lawrence Makovich, “Meeting the Power Conservation Investment Challenge,” IHS CERA, 2007 (“conservation gap”); World Economic Forum and IHS CERA, Energy Vision Update 2010: Towards a More Energy Efficient World, 2010, p. 4 (“investment grade”).

13. Interview with George Caraghiaur.

14. Glicksman, “Energy Efficiency in the Built Environment,” pp. 3–6 (“high-tech versions”); interview with Leon Glicksman; U. S. Green Buildings Council Web site, http://www.usgbc.org.

15. Interview with Naohiro Amaya.

16. Interview with Yoriko Kawaguchi.

17. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Top Runner Program, rev. ed., March 2010, at http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/policy/saveenergy/toprunner2010.03en.pdf.

18. Kateri Callahan, “Building the Infrastructure for Energy Efficiency,” in World Economic Forum and IHS CERA, Energy Vision Update 2010: Towards a More Energy Efficient World, 2010, p. 24 (“public policy support”); James Rogers, speech, CERAWeek, February 15 2008.

19. IHS CERA, Smart Grid: Closing the Gap Between Perception and Reality (2010); Brookings Institution Center for Technology and Innovation, “Smart Grid Future: Evaluating Policy Opportunities and Challenges after the Recovery Act,” forum, July 14, 2010.

20. Scientific American, August 13, 2008.

21. Sewart Baker, Natalie Filipiak, and Katrina Timlin, “In the Dark: Crucial Industries Confront Cyberattacks,” (CSIS and McAfee: 2011).

1. Henry Ford and Samuel Crowther, My Life and Work (Garden City: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1923), pp. 188–200; Henry Ford, “Automobiles and Soybeans: An Interview with Arthur van Vlissingen, Jr.,” Rotarian, September 1933.

2. Bernton, Kovarik, and Sklar, The Forbidden Fuel, pp. 1–13 (“wonderfully clean-burning,” “rapidly depleted,” “direct route,” “potential speakeasy”); Reynold Wik, Henry Ford and Grass-roots America (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1973), p. 249 (secretary).

3. Washington Post, October 13, 1977 (Birch Bayh); Fortune, October 1, 1990.

4. Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 (New York: Penguin Press, 2004), pp. 46–52; Jimmy Carter, White House Diary (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010), p. 382 (“sharpest message”); Jimmy Carter, Address to the Nation, January 4, 1980.

5. New York Times, January 7, 1980 (Warren Christopher); Bernton, Kovarik, and Sklar, The Forbidden Fuel, p. 105 (high scenario); Washington Post, August 3, 1986 (“very inefficient”).

6. Interview with Richard Lugar; Brent D. Yacobucci, “Fuel Ethanol: Background and Public Policy Issues,” Congressional Research Service, March3, 2006 (E10); Richard G. Lugar and R. James Woolsey, “The New Petroleum,” Foreign Affairs 78, no. 1 (1999), pp. 88–102 (mandatory targets).

7. The New York Times, November 7, 2005 (“good old-fashioned”); “President Bush and President Lula Discuss Biofuel Technology,” White House, March 9, 2007 (“truly obsessed,” “couldn’t have lunch”); George W. Bush, State of the Union Address, January 31, 2006 (“addicted to oil”); “Bush, da Silva Deliver Joint Remarks,” CNN, November 6, 2005; Wall Street Journal, August 9, 2006 (“kind of startled”).

8. Interview with José Goldemberg; Frederick Johnson, “Sugar in Brazil: Policy and Production,” The Journal of Developing Areas 17, no. 2 (1983), pp. 243–56 (prices collapsed); William S. Saint, “Farming for Energy: Social Options under Brazil’s National Alcohol Programme,” World Development 10, no. 3 (1982), pp. 223–38 (“wartime economy”); Werner Baer and Claudio Paiva, “Brazil,” in The Political Economy of Latin America in the Postwar Period, ed. Laura Randall (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997), pp. 70–110 (no prospects); Marc Weidenmier, Joseph Davis, and Roger Aliaga-Diaz, “Is Sugar Sweeter at the Pump? The Macroeconomic Impact of Brazil’s Alternative Energy Program,” National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 14362, October 2008; U. S. Congress, House of Representatives, Committee on Science and Technology, Subcommittee on Energy Development and Applications, 96th Congress, Venezuela and Brazil Visit – January 13–20, 1980 (Washington, DC: GPO), January 1980.

9. Interview with José Goldemberg; José Goldemberg, “Ethanol for a Sustainable Energy Future,” Science 315, no. 5813 (2007), pp. 808–10; UNICA Sugarcane Industry Association Web site, at http://english.unica.com.br/dadosCotacao/estatistica/ (flexfuel).

10. The sometimes intense debate about the energy balance for ethanol has been going on since the late 1970s. John Deutch, Energy Policy in Crisis: The Godkin Lecture (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011), ch. 5.

11. Corn Farmers Coalition, “Factbook,” at http://www.cornfarmerscoalition.org/fact-book/; U. S Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, “U. S. Domestic Corn Use,” at http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Corn/Gallery/Background/CornUseTable.html.

12. Interview with Georgina Kessel Martínez; Washington Post, January 27, 2007.

13. International Energy Agency, Technology Roadmap: Biofuels for Transportation (Paris: OECD/IEA, 2011), pp. 16–20.

14. Bernton, Kovarik, and Sklar, The Forbidden Fuel, pp. 74–75 (Leo Spano); Washington Post, Outlook, “Some Trash Can Be Really Sweet,” November 11, 1975, p. 1011 (“lowly fungi”); Norm Augustine to author (“quantum leap”).

15. Nightline, ABC, aired January 23, 2007 (Bransby); Bush, State of the Union Address, January 31, 2006.

16. Government of Canada, “Iogen – Canada’s New Alchemists,” Innovation in Canada Series, February 15, 2005.

17. Tiffany Groode, “Breaking through the Wall: Identifying the Main Barriers to Increasing Biofuels Production,” IHS CERA, 2009 (“daunting logistics,” “local nature”); Paul A. Willems, “The Biofuels Landscape: Through the Lens of Industrial Chemistry,” Science 325, no. 5941 (2009), pp. 707–10.

18. Interview with Richard Hamilton; Newsweek, October 27, 1980.

19. Interview with Steven Koonin.

1. William Adams Simonds, Edison: His Life, His Work, His Genius (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1934), pp. 273–75; Douglas Brinkley, Wheels for the World: Henry Ford, His Company, and a Century of Progress (New York: Viking, 2003), pp. 25–26; Henry Ford (with Samuel Crowther), Edison as I Knew Him (New York, Cosmopolitan, 1930), pp. 1–12.

2. David A. Kirsch, The Electric Vehicle and the Burden of History (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press: 2000), p. 1 (“five different methods”).

3. C. Lyle Cummins, Internal Fire: The Internal Combustion Engine, 1673–1900 (Wilsonville, OR: Carnot Press, 1976); David Landes, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe, from 1750 to Present, 2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 102 (“within reach”); “The Lotus Leaf: Evolution and Standardization of the Automobile Source,” Lotus Magazine 7, no. 4 (1916), pp. 183–92 (Cugnot).

4. Cummins, Internal Fire, pp. 138–72.

5. Chicago Tribune, August 8, 1892 (“a wagon propelled”); James Flink, The Automobile Age (Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1990), p. 2 (Red Flag Act).

6. Flink, The Automobile Age, p. 13.

7. Brinkley, Wheels for the World, p. 32; Akron Beacon Journal, June 20, 1999 (first police car); Carl Sulzberger, “An Early Road Warrior: Electric Vehicles in the Early Years of the Automobile,” IEEE Power and Energy Magazine 2, no. 3 (2004), pp. 66–71.

8. U. S. Department of Energy, “History of Electric Vehicles: The Early Years (1890 to 1930)” (Phaeton, steamers); James Flink, America Adopts the Automobile, 1895–1910 (Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, 1970), pp. 242, 273.

9. Matthew Josephson, Edison: A Biography (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1992), pp. 407–14.

10. Brinkley, Wheels for the World, pp. 114–15 (“useless nuisance”).

11. John B. Rae, American Automobile Manufacturers: The First Forty Years (Philadelphia: Chilton Company, 1959), p. 33 (“fever”); Flink, America Adopts the Automobile, 1895–1910, pp. 50, 64 (“god to the women”).

12. Brinkley, Wheels for the World, p. 100 (“greatest need today”); Ford Corporation, “Model T Facts,” at http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=858.