Лестер Туроу - Будущее капитализма

35. Aline Sullivan, «Retiring Baby Boomers Dread the End of the Boom Times,» International Herald Tribune, March 11, 1995, p. 16.

36. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract 2994 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), p. 16; Keizi Koho Center, Japan 1995: An International Comparison, p. 9.

37. Advisory Council on Social Security, Future Financial Resources of the Elderly: A View of Pensions, Savings, Social Security, and Earnings in the 21st Century, December 1991, pp. 12, 13.

38. Ibid., p. 39.

39. Elizabeth Kolbert, «Who Will Face the Music?» New York Times Magazine, August 27, 1995, p. 57.

40. Financial Times, Editorial, December 19, 1994, p. 13.

41. «A Powerful Political Lobby,» Financial Times, March 28, 1995, p. viii. 42.Ibid.

43. Barry Bosworth, Prospects for Savings and Investment in Industrial Countries, Brookings Discussion Paper No. 113, May 1995, pp. 12, 14.

44. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 1996, Historical Tables (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1995), p. 122.

45. Erik Ipsen, «Europe's Ailing Pensions,» International Herald Tribune, December 4, 1993, p. 1.

46. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Income, Poverty and Valuation of Noncash Benefits:1993. Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, Series P60-188 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), pp. 41, 45.

47. Jean Michel Paul, «Belgium's Debt Crisis Is Europe's Too,» Wall Street Journal Europe, May 22, 1995, p. C9.

48. Bosworth, «Prospects for Savings and Investment,» p. 13.

49. Ibid.

50. Daniel B. Radner, The Wealth of the Aged and the Nonaged 1984, Social Security Administration, ORS Working Paper No. 36, 1988.

51. Edward N. Wolff, «Changing Inequality of Wealth,» American Economics Review, May 1992, p. 554.

52. Ann Reilly Dowd, «Needed: A New War on the Deficit,» Fortune, November 14,

1994. p. 191.

53. «The Budget Pain WH1 Come and the Young Will Suffer,» International Herald Tribune, February 18, 1995, p. 6.

54. «Health Spending,» The Economist, June 24, 1995, p. 98.

55. Richard W. Stevenson, «A Deficit Reigns in Sweden's Welfare State,» New York Times, February 2, 1995, p. 1.

56. «Stripping Down the Cycle,» The Economist, July 3, 1993, p. 61.

57. «House of Debt,» The Economist, April 1, 1995, p. 14.

58. «Public Sector Finances,» The Economist, July 8, 1995, p. 115.

59. Paul, «Belgium's Debt Crisis,» p. 8.

60. Newt Gingrich, Contract withAmerica (New York: Times Books, 1994), p. 115.

61. «French Finance Minister Resigns,» Boston Globe, August 26, 1995, p. 2.

62. Robert Pear, «Panel on a U. S. Benefits Overhaul Fails to Agree on Proposals,» New York Times, December 15, 1994, p. A24.

63. Taking Care of Granny," The Economist, June 3, 1995, p. 25.

64. Health and Wealth, special issue of Daedalus, Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Fall 1994.

65. John Fender, «Not Such a Safe Haven,».Financial Times, December 23, 1994, p. 15.

66. Sylvia Nasar, «Older Americans Cited in Studies of National Savings Rate Slump,» New York Times, February 21, 1995, p. 1.

67. Wallace C. Peterson, Silent Depression (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), p. 149; David Popenoe, «The Family Condition of America,» in Values and Public Policy, ed. Henry J. Aaron, Thomas E. Mann and Timothy Taylor (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 1994), p. 104.

68. Цит. по: Alan Riding, «Passions Ignited, French Students Protest Wage Policy Again,» New York Times, March 26, 1994, p. 3.

69. Dennis Kelly, «Seniors Much Less Likely to Back Local Education Bonds,» USA Today, June 30, 1993, p. 1.

70. William Celis, «Schools Reopen in Town That Made Them Close,» New York Times, September 2, 1993, p. A14; Isabel Wilkerson, Tiring of Cuts, District Plans to Close Schools," New York Times, March 21, 1993, p. 20.

71. Mancur Olson, The Rise and Decline of Nations (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), p. 8; Stephan P. Magee, William A. Brock, and Leslie Young, Black Hole Tariffs and Endogenous Policy Theory (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. xv.

72. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Money Income of Households, Families, and Persons in the United States, 1992, Current Population Reports, Series P60-184, pp. 148, 150.

73. John Eatwell, Murray Milgate, and Peter Newman, eds., The New Palgrave: Social Economics (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), p. 10; «Statistisches Budesamt,» Sta-tistisches Jahrbuch 1994, Federal Republic of Germany, p. 82.

74. Michael V. Leonesio, The Economics of Retirement: A Nontechnical Guide, ORS Working Paper No. 66, Social Security Administration, April 1995, pp. 65, 66.

75. Leslie Wayne, «Pension Changes Raising Concerns,» New York Times, August 29, 1994, p. 1.

76. «Skimpy Savings,» Fortune, February 20, 1995, p. 38.

77. Ibid.

78. «Why Baby-Boomers Won't Be Able to Retire,» Fortune, September 4, 1995, p. 48.

79. Ibid.

80. Ibid.

81. The Economics of Aging," Business Week, September 12, 1994, p. 60.

82. Louis Uchitelle, «Retirement? Most Americans Have Grown to Fear It,» International Herald Tribune, March 27, 1995, p. 3.

83. Scott Lehigh, «Social Security,» Boston Globe, August 20, 1995, pp. 81, 82.

84. Dean R. Leimer, A Guide to Social Security Money's Worth Issues, ORS Working Paper No. 67, Social Security Administration, April 1995, p. 28.

85. Assar Lindbeck, Uncertainty Under the Welfare State, Seminar Paper No. 576, Institute for International Economic Studies at University of Stockholm, July 1994, p. 6.

86. Leimer, A Guide to Social Security Money's Worth Issues, p. 26.

87. Dowd, «Needed: A New War on the Deficit,» p. 191; Internal Revenue Service, «Form 1040A, 1994» (Washington, 0. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1993).

88. «Sweden: Judgement Day,» The Economist, February 18, 1995, p. 37.

89. The Enlightened Welfare Seeker's Guide to Europe," The Economist, March 12, 1994,

90. Assar Lmdbeck, Overshooting, Reform, and Retreat of the Welfare State, Institute for International Economic Studies at University of Stockholm, No. 499, 1994.

91. Barry P. Bosworth and Alice M. Rivlin, eds., The Swedish Economy (Washington, D. C.: Brookmgs Institution, 1987), pp. 199, 207.

92. «Sweden Shows Effects of Painful Cure,» Financial Times, November 8, 1993, p. 3.

93. Damon Darlin, «A New Flavor of Pork,» Forbes, June 5, 1995, p. 146.

94. «Expanded Medicaid Crowded Out Private Insurance,» The NBER Digest, 1994, p. 1.

95. Yair Aharone, The No Risk Society (New Jersey: Chatham House, 1981), pp. 48, 62.

1. Richard N. Cooper, Environmental and Resource Policies for the World Economy (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution, 1994), p. xi.

2. Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 (London: Michael Joseph, 1994), p. 56.

3. Ibid., p. 72.

4. International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics, 1980 yearbook, Washington, D. C., pp. 62, 63; Financial Statistics, 1986 yearbook, pp. 70, 72; U. S. Department of Commerce, Survey of Current Business, Washington, D. C., 1989, 1992, p. 61.

5. J. Bradford De Long and Barry Eichengreen, The Marshall Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program, NBER Working Paper No. 3899, November 1991.

6. Tom Buerkle, «EU Heads Boldly into a High-Stakes Debate on Expanding Eastward,» International Herald Tribune, June 2, 1995, p. 1.

7. DRI/McGraw-НШ, Impact of the Peso Crisis, February 1995, p. 1.

8. Ibid., p. 6.

9. «Canada's Endangered Bacon,» Fortune, March 10, 1995, p. 75.

10. «Financial Indicators,» The Economist, February 25, 1995, p. 109.

11. «The Americas Drift Toward Free Trade,» The Economist, July 8, 1995, p. 45.

12. Noel Malcolm, «The Case Against 'Europe,'» Foreign Affairs, March/April 1995, p. 68.

13. «No Cannes Do,» The Economist, July 1, 1995, p. 23.

14. Tom Buerkle, «Seven European Nations Drop Border Controls,» International Herald Tribune, March 25, 1995, p. 1.

15. Malcolm, The Case Against 'Europe," pp. 54, 59.

16. World Bank, World Tables for 1994 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), p. 27, 29.

17. Michael Richardson, «APEC's Crisis of (No) Consensus,» International Herald Tribune, March 17, 1995, p. 17.

18. Steven Brull, «Waves in Pacific Trade: APEC Struggles to Tie Down Specifics,» International Herald Tribune, July 6, 1995, p. 11.

19. Kevin Murphy, «Building Blocs: A Rising Yen Challenges the Dollar,» International Herald Tribune, March 27, 1995, p. 11.

20. Commission of the European Communities, Towards a New Bretton Woods: Alternatives for the Global Economy, European University Institute, May 1993.

21. International Labor Organization, World Employment Report, Geneva, 1995, p. 35; Warwick J. McKibbin and Dominick Salvatore, The Global Economic Consequences of the Uruguay Round, Brookings Discussion Papers No. 110, February 1995, p. 3.

22. David Buchan, «GATT Deal May Enrich World by $270 Billion,» Financial Times, November 10, 1993, p. 7; McKibbin and Salvatore, The Global Economic Consequences of the Uruguay Round, p. 5.

23. Elmer Hankiss, «European Paradigms: East and West 1945–1994,» After Communism, What? special issue of Daedalus, Summer 1994, p. 115.

24. Philip R. Schlesinger, «Europe's Contradictory Communicative Space,» Europe Through a Glass Darkly, special issue of Daedalus, Spring 1994, p. 27.

25. «You're Not in Kansas Anymore,» The Economist, February 4, 1995, p. 57; Schlesinger, «Europe's Contradictory Communicative Space,» p. 33.

26. «La Regie du Jeu,» The Economist, March 18, 1995, p. 18.

27. Office of Technology Assessment, Afuttinariona/s and the U. S. Technoiogj/ Base (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1994), p. 7.

28. David Shribman, «GATT: Vilifying the Inscrutable,» Boston Globe, July 22, 1994,

р.

З.

29. Zanny Minton-Beddoes, «Why the IMF Needs Reform,» Foreign Affairs, May/June 1995, p. 123.

1. Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 (London: Michael Joseph, 1994), pp. 258, 275.

2. J. Bradford De Long and Barry Eichengreen, The Marshall Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program, NBER Working Paper No. 3899, November 1991.

3. Richard Holt, The Reluctant Superpower (Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1995), p. 117.

4. De Long and Eichengreen, The Marshall Plan, p. 14; U. S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Vol. 1 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1975), p. 228.

5. Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 1996 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1995), p. 115.

6. Newt Gingrich, Contract with America (New York: Times Books, 1994); New Repub-Kc, March 25, 1995, p. 21.

7. Robert W. Tucker and David С. He ndrickson, The Imperial Temptation: The New World Order and America's Purpose (New York: Council on Foreign Relations), 1992.

8. Samuel Brittan, «Time to Bury Those League Tables,» Financial Times, May 25, 1995, p. 10.

9. Steven Brull, International Herald Tribune, March 8, 1995, p. 1.

10. «Japan's GDP Rivals That of the U. S.,» International Herald Tribune, May 10, 1995, p. 19.

11. Charles Wolf, Jr., «The Fine Art of the False Alarm,» Wall Street Journal, November 1, 1994, p. A20; World Bank, World Tables 1994 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994).

12. «Russians Don't Like Dead in Chechen on TV,» International Herald Tribune, December 22, 1994, p. 6.

13. Russell Watson, «Russia's TV War,» Newsweek, February 6, 1995, p. 8.

14. DRI/McGraw-НШ, Review of the U. S. Economy, p. 87.

15. «OECD Chides the U. S. Over Foreign Aid Cuts,» International Herald Tribune, March 8, 1995, p. 2.

16. Johsen Takanashi, «Dollar Being Eclipsed as Global Standard,» Nikkei Weekly, June 5, 1995, p. 6.

17. Economic Report of the President 1995 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), pp. 278, 279.

18. International Monetary Fund, International Trade Policies: The Uruguay Round and Beyond, Vols. I, II, Washington, 1994.

19. David Halberstam, The Next Century (New York: Morrow, 1991), p. 52.

20. «U. S. House Votes to Cut UN Peacekeeping Funds,» The Japan Times, February 18, 1995, p. 2.

21. «House Votes to Curb Role in UN,» International Herald Tribune, February 17, 1995, p. 1.

22. Gingricn, Contract withAmerica, p. 17. 23.Ibid.

24. Цит. по: Richard L. Berke, "Pat Buchanan Is Driving the «96 Race Rightward,» Internatio nal Herald Tribune, May 31, 1995, p. 1.