Ирвин Ялом - The Schopenhauer Cure

does not marry) a form of immortality. In his view, our

inner nature is indestructible because we are but a

manifestation of the life force, the will, the thing–in–itself

which persists eternally. Hence, death is not true

annihilation; when our insignificant life is over, we shall

rejoin the primal life force that lies outside of time.

The idea of rejoining the life force after death

apparently offered relief to Schopenhauer and to many of

his readers (for example, Thomas Mann and his fictional

protagonist Thomas Buddenbrooks), but because it does not

include a continued personal self, strikes many as offering

only chilly comfort. (Even the comfort experienced by

Thomas Buddenbrooks is short–lived and evaporates a few

pages later.) A dialogue that Schopenhauer composed

between two Hellenic philosophers raises the question of

just how much comfort Schopenhauer drew from these

beliefs. In this conversation, Philalethes attempts to

persuade Thrasymachos (a thoroughgoing skeptic) that

death holds no terror because of the individual`s

indestructible essence. Each philosopher argues so lucidly

and so powerfully that the reader cannot be sure where the

author`s sentiments lay. At the end the skeptic,

Thrasymachos, is unconvinced and is given the final words.

Philalethes: «When you say I, I, I want to exist, it is not

you alone that says this. Everything says it, absolutely

everything that has the faintest trace of consciousness.

It is the cry not of the individual but of existence

itself.... only thoroughly recognize what you are and

what your existence really is, namely, the universal will

to live, and the whole question will seem to you

childish and most ridiculous.»

Thrasymachos: You`re childish yourself and most

ridiculous, like all philosophers, and if a man of my age

lets himself in for a quarter hour`s talk with such fools

it is only because it amuses me and passes the time. I`ve

more important business to attend to, so goodbye.

Schopenhauer had one further method of keeping

death–anxiety at bay: death–anxiety is least where self–realization is most. If his position based on universal

oneness appears anemic to some, there is little doubt about

the robustness of this last defense. Clinicians who work

with dying patients have made the observation that death–anxiety is greater in those who feel they have lived an

unfulfilled life. A sense of fulfillment, at «consummating

one`s life,” as Nietzsche put it, diminishes death–anxiety.

And Schopenhauer? Did he live rightly and

meaningfully? Fulfill his mission? He had absolutely no

doubt about that. Consider his final entry in his

autobiographical notes.

I have always hoped to die easily, for whoever has been

lonely all his life will be a better judge than others of

this solitary business. Instead of going out amid the

tomfooleries and buffooneries that are calculated for the

pitiable capacities of human bipeds, I shall end happily

conscious of returning to the place whence I

started...and of having fulfilled my mission.

And the same sentiment—the pride of having

pursued his own creative path—appears in a short verse, his

authorial finale, the very last lines of his final book.

I now stand weary at the end of the road

The jaded brow can hardly bear the laurel

And yet I gladly see what I have done

Ever undaunted by what others say.

When his last book,Parerga and Paralipomena, was

published, he said, «I am deeply glad to see the birth of my

last child. I feel as if a load that I have borne since my

twenty–fourth year has been lifted from my shoulders. No

one can imagine what that means.»

On the morning of the twenty–first of September

1860 Schopenhauer`s housekeeper prepared his breakfast,

tidied up the kitchen, opened the windows, and left to run

errands, leaving Schopenhauer, who had already had his

cold wash, sitting and reading on the sofa in his living

room, a large airy, simply furnished room. On the floor by

the sofa lay a black bearskin rug upon which sat Atman, his

beloved poodle. A large oil painting of Goethe hung

directly over the sofa, and several portraits of dogs,

Shakespeare, Claudius, and daguerreo–types of himself

hung elsewhere in the room. On the writing desk stood a

bust of Kant. In one corner a table held a bust of Christoph

Wieland, the philosopher who had encouraged the young

Schopenhauer to study philosophy, and in another corner

stood his revered gold–plated statue of the Buddha.

A short time later his physician, making regular

rounds, entered the room and found him leaning on his

back in the corner of the sofa. A «lung stroke» (pulmonary

embolus) had taken him painlessly out of this world. His

face was not disfigured and showed no evidence of the

throes of death.

His funeral on a rainy day was more disagreeable

than most due to the odor of rotting flesh in the small

closed mortuary. Ten years earlier Schopenhauer had left

explicit instructions that his body not be buried directly but

left in the mortuary for at least five days until decay

began—perhaps a final gesture of misanthropy or because

of a fear of suspended animation. Soon the mortuary was so

close and the air so foul that several of the assembled

people had to leave the room during a long pompous

obituary by his executor, Wilhelm Gwinner, who began

with the words:

This man who lived among us a lifetime, and who

nevertheless stayed a stranger amongst us, commands

rare feelings. Nobody is standing here who belongs to

him through the bond of blood; isolated as he lived, he

died.

Schopenhauer`s tomb was covered with a heavy

plate of Belgian granite. His will had requested that only

his name, Arthur Schopenhauer, appear on his tombstone—

«nothing more, no date, no year, no syllable.»

The man lying under this modest tombstone wanted

his work to speak for him.

Three Years Later

_________________________

Mankindhas

learned a

few things

from me

which it

will never

forget.

_________________________

The late–afternoon sun streamed through the large open

sliding windows of the CafГ© Florio. Arias fromThe Barber

of Seville flowed from the antique jukebox accompanied by

the hissing of an expresso machine steaming milk for

cappuccinos.

Pam, Philip, and Tony sat at the same window table

they had been using for their weekly coffee meeting since

Julius`s death. Others in the group had joined them for the

first year, but for the past two years only the three of them

had met. Philip halted their conversation to listen to an aria

and hum along with it. «вЂ˜Una voce poco fa,`one of my

favorites,” he said, when they resumed their conversation.

Tony showed them his diploma from his community

college program. Philip announced he was now playing

chess two evenings a week at the San Francisco Chess

Club—the first time he had played opponents face–to–face

since his father`s death. Pam spoke of her mellow

relationship with her new man, a Milton scholar, and also

of her Sunday attendances at the Buddhist services at Green

Gulch in Marin.

She glanced at her watch. «And now, it`s showtime

for you guys.» She looked them over. «Handsome dudes,

you two. You both look great, but, Philip, that jacket,” she

shook her head, «it has got to go—uncool—corduroy is

dead, twenty years passГ©, those elbow patches too. Next

week we go shopping.» She looked at their faces. «You`re

going to do great. If you get nervous, Philip, remember the

chairs. Remember Julius loved you both. And I do, too.»

She planted a kiss on each of their foreheads, left a twenty–dollar bill on the table, saying, «Special day, my treat,” and

walked out.

An hour later seven members filed into Philip`s

office for their first group meeting and warily sat down in

Julius`s chairs. Philip had wept twice as an adult: once

during that last meeting of Julius`s therapy group and again

upon learning that Julius had bequeathed him these nine

chairs.

«So,” Philip began, «welcome to our group. We`ve

tried to orient you to the group procedures during our

screening session with each of you. Now it`s time to

begin.»

«That`s it. Just like that? No further instructions?»

said Jason, a short, wiry middle–aged man wearing a tight

black Nike T–shirt.

«I remember how scared I was in my first group

therapy session,” said Tony, who leaned forward in his

seat. He was neatly dressed in a white short–sleeved shirt,

khaki trousers, and brown loafers.

«I didn`t say anything about being scared,” replied

Jason. «I`m referring to the lack of guidance.»

«Well, what would help get you started?» asked

Tony.

«Info. That`s what makes the world go round now.

This is supposed to be a philosophical consultation group—

are both of you philosophers?»

«I`m a philosopher,” said Philip, «with a doctorate

from Columbia, and Tony, my coleader, is a counseling

student.»

«A student? I don`t get it. How will you two operate

here?» shot back Jason.

«Well,” answered Tony, «Philip will bring in helpful

ideas from his knowledge of philosophy, and me, well, I`m

here to learn and to pitch in any way I can—I`m more of an

expert in emotional accessibility. Right, partner?»

Philip nodded.

«Emotional accessibility? Am I supposed to know

what that means?» asked Jason.

«Jason,” interrupted another member, «my name is

Marsha, and I want to point out that this is about the fifth

challenging thing you`ve said in the first five minutes of

our group.»

«And?»

«And you`re the kind of macho–exhibitionistic guy I

have a lot of trouble with.»

«And you`re the kind of Miss Prissy who gives me a

major pain in the ass.»

«Wait, wait, let`s freeze the action for a moment,”

said Tony, «and get some feedback on our first five minutes

from the other members here. First, I want to say something

to you, Jason, and to you, Marsha—something that Philip

and I learned from Julius, our teacher. Now, I`m sure you

two feel like this is a stormy beginning but I`ve got a

hunch, a very strong hunch, that by the end of this group,

each of you are going to prove very valuable to the other.

Right, Philip?»

«Right you are, partner.»

«Every breath we draw wards...”: Arthur

Schopenhauer,The World as Will and Representation, trans.

E. F. J. Payne, 2 vols. (New York: Dover Publications,

1969), vol. 1., p. 311 / В§ 57

«Ecstasy in the act of copulation...”: Arthur

Schopenhauer,Manuscript Remains in Four Volumes, ed.

Arthur HГјbscher, trans. E. F. J. Payne (Oxford: Berg

Publishers, 1988‫90), vol. 3. p. 262 / § 111

«Life is a miserable thing...”: Eduard Grisebach,

ed.,Schopenhauer`s Gespräche und Selbstgespräche

(Berlin: E. Hofmann, 1898), p. 3

«Talent is like a marksman...”: Schopenhauer,World as

Will, vol. 2, p. 391 / chap. 31, «On Genius.»

«No one helped me,...”: RГјdiger Safranski,Schopenhauer

and the Wild Years of Philosophy, trans. Ewald Osers

(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 11.

«A happy life is impossible...”: Arthur

Schopenhauer,Parerga and Paralipomena, trans. E. F. J.

Payne, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000), vol. 2, p.

322 / В§ 172a.

«The solid foundations of our view...”: Ibid., vol. 1, p. 478

/ chap. 6, «On the Different Periods of Life.»

«Splendor, rank, and title exercise...”:

Safranski,Schopenhauer, p. 14.

«I no more pretended ardent love...”: Ibid., p. 13

«If we look at life in its small details...”: T. Bailey

Saunders, trans.,Complete Essays of Schopenhauer: Seven

Books in One Volume (New York: Wiley, 1942), book 5, p.

24. See also Schopenhauer,Parerga and Paralipomena,

vol. 2, p. 290 / В§ 147a.

«in the near and penetrating eye of death...”: Thomas

Mann,Buddenbrooks, trans. H. T. Lowe–Porter (New York:

Vintage Books, 1952), p. 509

«A master–mind could lay hold...”: Ibid., p. 510

«Have I hoped to live on...”: Ibid., p. 513

«so perfectly consistently clear...”: Thomas Mann,Essays

of Three Decades, trans. H. T. Lowe–Porter (New York:

Alfred A. Knopf, 1947), p. 373

«emotional, breath–taking, playing between violent

contrasts...”: Ibid., p. 373.

«letting that dynamic, dismal genius work...”: Ronald

Hayman,Nietzsche: A Critical Life (New York: Penguin,

1982), p. 72

«Religion has everything on its side...”:

Schopenhauer,World as Will, vol. 2, p. 166 / chap. 17, «On

Man`s Need for Metaphysics.»

«Could we foresee it...”: Saunders,Complete Essays, book

5, p. 3. See also Schopenhauer,Parerga and Paralipomena,

vol. 2, p. 298 / В§ 155a.

«In endless space countless luminous spheres...”:

Schopenhauer,World as Will, vol. 2, p. 3 / chap. 1, «On the

Fundamental View of Idealism.»

«Just because the terrible activity...”: Ibid., vol. 2, p. 394 /

chap. 31, «On Genius.»

«by far the happiest part...”: Safranski,Schopenhauer, p. 26

«Remember how your father permits...”: Ibid., p. 29

«feeling of two friends meeting...”: Schopenhauer,Parerga

and Paralipomena, vol. 2, p. 299 / В§ 156

«I found myself in a country unknown to me...”:

Safranski,Schopenhauer, p. 280

«The greatest wisdom is to make...”:

Schopenhauer,Parerga and Paralipomena, vol. 2, p. 284 /

В§ 143.

«The kings left their crowns and scepters behind...”:

Safranski,Shopenhauer, p. 44.

«put aside all these authors for a while...”: Ibid., p. 37

«In my seventeenth year...”: Ibid., p. 41

«This world is supposed to have been made...”: Ibid., 58

«When, at the end of their lives...”: Schopenhauer,Parerga

and Paralipomena, vol. 2, p. 285 / В§ 145

«A person of high, rare mental gifts...”:

Schopenhauer,World as Will, vol. 2, p. 388 / chap. 31, «On

Genius.»

«Noble, excellent spirit to whom I owe everything...”:

Safranski,Shopenhauer, p. 278.

«Dancing and riding do not make...” and other quotations

from Heinrich`s letters: Ibid., pp. 52‫53

«I know too well how little you had...”: Ibid., p. 81

«I continued to hold my position...”: Ibid., p. 55