Лестер Туроу - Будущее капитализма

Колумб вошел в историю как величайший в мире исследователь, может быть, самый знаменитый человек в истории, потому что он нашел нечто совершенно неожиданное — Америку, и она оказалась полной золота. Мораль этой истории в том, что важно быть умным, но еще важнее, когда вам везет. Ведь в конечном счете Колумб преуспел, потому что ему повезло. Он преуспел потому, что решился направить корабль в необычную сторону, вопреки сильному сопротивлению окружающих. Без этой огромной решимости он не попал бы в такое положение, когда ему столь неслыханно повезло.

Начнем же наше плавание с таким же упорством и стремлением достигнуть неизвестного!

1. International Monetary Fund International Financial Statistics, Washington, D. C., ежегодники за различные годы; Stuart Holland, Toward a New Bretton Woods (Nottingham, U. K.: Russel Press, 1994), p. 10.

2. Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President 1995 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), p. 403.

3. Ibid., p. 314; Robert Solow, Is All That European Unemployment Necessary? The World Economic Laboratory, MIT Working Paper No. 94–06.

4. «Labour Pains,» The Economist, February 12, 1994, p. 74.

5. Richard Holt, The Reluctant Superpower (New York: Kodansha International, 1995), p. 246; «Stock Market indexes,» Asian Wall Street Journal, January 1, 1990, p. 18, and August 24, 1992, p. 22.

6. «Industrial Growth,» The Economist, September 16, 1995, p. 122.

7. Economic Report of the President 1995, pp. 276, 311, 326; Council of Economic Advisers, Economic indicators, August 1995, pp. 2, 15.

8. Daniel R. Feenberg and James M. Poterba, Income Inequality and the Incomes of Very High Income Taxpayers, NBER Working Paper No. 4229, December 1992, p. 31.

9. «Mexico,» International Herald Tribune, May 2, 1995, p. 1.

10. Kenneth E. Boulding, Economics as a Science (New York: McGraw-Hffl, 1970), p. 7.

11. John A. Garraty, Unemployment in History (New York: Harper and Row, 1978), p. 134.

12. Fred Block, Post-Industrial Possibilities: A Critique of Economic Discourse (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 194.

13. Richard Holt, The Reluctant Superpower (New York: Kodansha International, 1995), p. 79.

14. Martin Carnoy et al., The New Global Economy in the Information Age (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993), p. 8.

15. John King et al., Pakistan (London: Lonely Planet Publications, 1993), p. 28.

16. John M. Gowdy, «New Controversies in Evolutionary Biology: Lessons for Economics,» Methodus, June 1991, p. 86.

17. Robert T. Bakker, The Dinosaur Heresies (New York: Morrow, 1986), p. 16.

18. William J. Broad, «New Theory Would Reconcile Rival Views on Dinosaurs' Demise,» New York Times, December 27, 1994, p. B7; John Noble Wilford, «New Dinosaur Theory: Sulfur Was the Villain,» New York Times, January 3, 1995, p. B6.

19. «Railway,» Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 18, 1972 edition, p. 1126, plate 1.

20. Michael J. Piore and Charles F. Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide (New York: Basic Books, 1984).

21. Robert L. Heilbroner, The Making of Economic Society (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1962), p. 39; The Nature and Logic of Capitalism (New York: W. W. Norton, 1985), p. 109.

22. Jerome M. Segal, «Alternative Conceptions of the Economic Realm,» in Rationality and Efficiency: New Perspectives on Socio-Economics, ed. Richard M. Coughlin (London: M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 288.

«P 23. Patrice Higonnet, David S. Landes, and Henry Rosovsky, eds., Favorites of Fortune: Technology, Growth, and Economic Development Since the Industrial Revolution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 2.

24. Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 8, p. 42.

25. Jane Chisholm and Anne Millard, Early Civilization (Tulsa, Okla.: Osborne, 1988), p. 14.

26. Ibid., p. 17.

27. John Romer, Ancient Lives: Daily Life in Egypt of the Pharaohs (New York: Henry Holt amp; Co., 1984), p. 123.

28. Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 19, p. 204.

29. Gay Robins, Women in Ancient Egypt (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993), p. 14.

30. Andrea Giardina, ed., The Romans (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), p. 1.

31. James P. Speer, Conflict and War: History, Causes, Consequences, Cures (Fort Bragg, Calif.: QED Press, 1986), p. 9; Edith Hamilton, The Roman Way (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993), p. 132.

32. Florence Dupont, Daily Life in Ancient Rome (Oxford, U. K.: Blackwell, 1989), p. 23.

33. Jean Paul Moreal, «The Craftsmen,» in Giardina, ed., The Romans, p. 228; Braudel, History of Civilization, p. 19; Frances and Joseph Gies, Cathedral, Forge, and Waterwheel: Technology and Invention in the Middle Ages (New York: Harper-Collins, 1994), p. 17; M. I. Finley, Economy and Society in Ancient Greece (London: Chatto and Windus, 1981), p. 173.

34. Anthony Marks, Graham Tingay, in Giardina, ed., The Romans, p. 18.

35. Ibid., p. 32.

36. Edith Hamilton, The Roman Way (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993), p. 178.

37. John Matthews, «Roman Life and Society,» in The Oxford History of the Classical World, ed. John Boardman, Jasper Griffin, and Oswyn Murray (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 752; J. F. Drinkwater and Andrew Drummond, The World of the Romans (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 63.

38. Florence Dupont, Daily Life in Ancient Rome, p. 7.

39. Ibid., p. 27.

40. Robert Parker, «Greek Religion,» in The Oxford History of the Classical World, p. 261.

41. Jean Paul Morel, «The Craftsmen,» in Giardina, ed., The Romans, p. 321; Jean Michel Carried, «The Soldier,» in Giardina, ed., The Romans, p. 228; Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 19, p. 453.

42. Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 20, p. 632.

43. Paul Veyne, «The Roman Empire,» in A History of Private Life from Pagan Rome to Byzantium (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1987), p. 118.

44. Andrea Giardina, The Merchant," in Giardina, ed., The Romans, p. 245; Andrea Giardina, ed., The Romans (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), pp. 30, 245.

45. Paul Veyne, Bread and Circuses (London: Penguin, 1990), p. 251.

46. Dupont, Daily Life in Ancient Rome, p. 31.

47. Veyne, Bread and Circuses, p. xvii.

48. Ibid., p. 16.

49. Ibid., pp. 136, 148.

50. Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 19, p. 454.

51. Leonardo B. Dal Maso,Rome of the Caesars (Florence: Bonechi Edizioni, 1990), p. 1.

52. Giardina, ed… The Romans, p. 33.

53. Paul Veyne, The Roman Empire," p. 163.

54. Yvon Thebert, «Private Life and Domestic Architecture in Roman Africa,» in A History of Private Life from PaganRome to Byzantium, p. 351.

55. Veyne, Bread and Circuses, p. 251.

56. Alam Peyrefitte, The Immobile Empire (New York: Knopf, 1992), p. 420; Braudel, History of Civilization, p. 168.

57. Robert J. Thomas, What Machines Can't Do: Politics and Technology in the Industrial Enterprise (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), pp. xiv, 6, 10.

1. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Money Income of Households, Families and Persons in the United States 1992, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, Series P-60-184 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1993), p. 176.

2. Claudia Goldin and Robert A. Margo, «The Great Compression: The Wage Structure of the United States at Mid-Century,» The Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 1994, p. 4.

3. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, 1992, Series P-60 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1993), pp. xvi, xvii, 14; Sheldon Danziger and Peter Gottschalk, eds., Uneven Tides (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1993), p. 7.

4. Daniel R. Feenberg and James M. Poterba, Income Inequality and the Incomes of Very High Income Taxpayers, NBER Working Paper No. 4229, December 1992, p. 31.

5. Ibid., p. 5.

6. Margaret M. Blair, «CEO Pay: Why Such a Contentious Issue?» The Brookings Review, Winter 1994, p. 23; Nancy I. Rose, «Executive Compensation,» NBER Reporter, Winter 1994-95, p. 11.

7. «Nice Work,» The Economist, December 10, 1994, p. 67.

8. Robert H. Frank, Talent and the Winner-Take-All Society," The American Prospect, Spring 1994, p. 99.

9. Peter Kilborn, «More Women Take Low Wage Jobs Just So Their Families Can Get By,» New York Times, March 13, 1994, pp. 16, 24.

10. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, 1992. p. B-6.

11. Ibid., p. 21.

12. Lynn A. Karoly, «Changes in the Distribution of Individual Earnings in the United States, 1967–1986,» Review of Economics and Statistics, February 1992, pp. 107, A 78; Danziger and Peter, eds., Uneven Tides, pp.69, 85, 102, 129; Steven J. Davis, Cross-Country Patterns of Changes in Relative Wages, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, p. 273; Karoly, «Changes in the Distribution of Individual Earnings,» pp. 107, 113; Frank Levy and Richard J. Murnane, «U. S. Earnings Levels and Earnings Inequality,» Journal of Economic Literature, September 1992, p. 1333.

13. «Wealth: The Divided States of America,» New York Times, April 23, 1995, p. F2; Steven Sass, «Passing the Buck,» Regional Review, Boston Federal Reserve Bank, Summer 1995, p. 16.

14. Barry Bluestone, Economic Inequality and the Macro-Structuralist Debate. Eastern Economics Association Meetings, February 1994, p. 8; Lynn A. Karoly, «The Trend in Inequality Among Families, Individuals, and Workers in the United States,» Rand Corporation, 1992, pp. 44, 66, A16, 221; Lawrence Mishel and Ja-red Bernstein, The State of Working America 1992–1993 (Washington, D. C.: Economic Policy Institute/M. E. Sharpe, 1993), p. 14; «Male Educated in a Pay Bind,» New York Times, February 11, 1994, p. Dl; Richard D. Reeves, «Cheer Up, Downsizing Is Good for Some,» International Herald Tribune, December 29, 1994, p. 4.

15. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Income, Poverty, and Valuation of Noncash Benefits: 1993. Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, Series P-60-188 (Washing-

ton, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1995), p. x; Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President 1995 (Washington D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1995), pp. 276, 311.

16. Economic Report of the President 1995, p. 310.

17. Kevin Phillips, Boiling Point: The Decline of Middle Class Prosperity (New York: Random House, 1993), p. xvii.

18. Keith Bradsher, «American Real Wages Fell 2.3 Percent in 12-Month Period,» New York Times, June 23, 1995, p. D4.

19. Mishel and Bernstein, The State of Working America 1992–1993, p. 36.

20. Jason DeParle, «Sharp Increase Along the Borders of Poverty,» New York Times, March 31, 1994, p. A18.

21. Center for National Policy, Job Quality Index, November 15, 1993.

22. David E. Bloom and Richard B. Freeman, The Fall of Private Pension Coverage in the United States," American Economic Review, May 1992, p. 539; Virgina L. DuRivage, ed., New Policies for the Parttime and Contingent Work Force (New York: Economic Policy Institute/M. E. Sharpe, 1992), p. 22.

23. The Urban Institute, Inequality of Earnings and Benefits, Winter/Spring, 1994, p. 21.