Лестер Туроу - Будущее капитализма

29. Zanny Minton-Beddoes, «Why the IMF Needs Reform,» Foreign Affairs, May/June 1995, p. 123.

1. Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914–1991 (London: Michael Joseph, 1994), pp. 258, 275.

2. J. Bradford De Long and Barry Eichengreen, The Marshall Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program, NBER Working Paper No. 3899, November 1991.

3. Richard Holt, The Reluctant Superpower (Tokyo: Kodansha International, 1995), p. 117.

4. De Long and Eichengreen, The Marshall Plan, p. 14; U. S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970, Vol. 1 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1975), p. 228.

5. Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 1996 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1995), p. 115.

6. Newt Gingrich, Contract with America (New York: Times Books, 1994); New Repub-Kc, March 25, 1995, p. 21.

7. Robert W. Tucker and David С. He ndrickson, The Imperial Temptation: The New World Order and America's Purpose (New York: Council on Foreign Relations), 1992.

8. Samuel Brittan, «Time to Bury Those League Tables,» Financial Times, May 25, 1995, p. 10.

9. Steven Brull, International Herald Tribune, March 8, 1995, p. 1.

10. «Japan's GDP Rivals That of the U. S.,» International Herald Tribune, May 10, 1995, p. 19.

11. Charles Wolf, Jr., «The Fine Art of the False Alarm,» Wall Street Journal, November 1, 1994, p. A20; World Bank, World Tables 1994 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994).

12. «Russians Don't Like Dead in Chechen on TV,» International Herald Tribune, December 22, 1994, p. 6.

13. Russell Watson, «Russia's TV War,» Newsweek, February 6, 1995, p. 8.

14. DRI/McGraw-НШ, Review of the U. S. Economy, p. 87.

15. «OECD Chides the U. S. Over Foreign Aid Cuts,» International Herald Tribune, March 8, 1995, p. 2.

16. Johsen Takanashi, «Dollar Being Eclipsed as Global Standard,» Nikkei Weekly, June 5, 1995, p. 6.

17. Economic Report of the President 1995 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), pp. 278, 279.

18. International Monetary Fund, International Trade Policies: The Uruguay Round and Beyond, Vols. I, II, Washington, 1994.

19. David Halberstam, The Next Century (New York: Morrow, 1991), p. 52.

20. «U. S. House Votes to Cut UN Peacekeeping Funds,» The Japan Times, February 18, 1995, p. 2.

21. «House Votes to Curb Role in UN,» International Herald Tribune, February 17, 1995, p. 1.

22. Gingricn, Contract withAmerica, p. 17.

23. Ibid.

24. Цит. по: Richard L. Berke, "Pat Buchanan Is Driving the «96 Race Rightward,» Internatio nal Herald Tribune, May 31, 1995, p. 1.

25. Michael Dobbs, «NATO Expansion Popular But Don't Look at the Price,» International Herald Tribune, July 8, 1995, p. 1.

26. Clyde Haberman, «Israel Warns U. S. Not to Cut Aid to Nations in Peace Talks,» New York Times, March 4, 1995, p. 4.

27. Michel Albert, Capitalism Against Capitalism (London: Whurr Publishers, 1993), p. 35.

28. Tan Kirn Song, «Money Market Chaos a Threat to APEC's Aims,» The Sunday Straits Times, April 16, 1995, p. 1.

29. Laura Keeton, «Legal Beat: More Legal Aliens Seeking Citizenship to Keep Benefits,» Wall Street Journal, March 6, 1995, p. Bl.

30. Jerry Gray, «Budget Axes Land on Items Big and Small,» New York Times, February 28, 1995, p. A14.

31. «Mexico Crisis and Stable Rates Cause Dollar Malaise,» International Herald Tribune, February 17, 1995, p. 11.

32. Anthony Robinson, «Warning on 'Malady' of Weak Leadership,» Financial Times, May 4, 1995, p. 4.

33. Steve Farka, Mixed Messages: A Survey of Foreign Policy Views of American Leaders (Washington, D. C.: Public Agenda Foundation, 1995), p. 28.

34. Цит. по: Craig Lambert, «Leadership in a New Key,» Harvard Magazine, March/ April 1995, p. 31.

35. Ibid.

36. Major Garrett, «Beyond the Contract,» Mother Jones, March/April 1995, p. 54.

37. Newt Gingrich, «Only America Can Lead,» New Perspectives Quarterly, Spring 1995, p. 4.

1. International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics, Washington, D. C., ежегодники за различные годы; Stuart Holland, Toward a New Bretton Woods (Nottingham, U. K.: Russel Press, 1994), p. 10; Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President 7995 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office), p. 403.

2. Sylvia Nasar, «More Men in Prime of Life Spend Less Time Working,» New York Times, December 1, 1994, p. 1.

3. Robert D. Hershey, Jr., «Survey Finds б Million, Fewer Than Thought, in Impermanent Jobs,» New Yo rk Times, August 19, 1995, p. 31.

4. Polly Callaghan and Heidi Hartmann, Contingent Work (Washington, D. C.: Economic Policy Institute, 1991), p. 2.

5. Lenore Schiff, «Why Inflation Will Keep Falling,» Fortune, October 2, 1995, p. 60.

6. George J. Borjas, «The Economics of Migration,» Journal of Economic Literature, December 1994, p. 1668.

7. Nicholas Fiore, «Carpenter Technology,» report at Conference on Leveraging Taiwanese Resources, МГГ-ЕРОСН Foundation, October 12–14, 1995, Taip ei.

8. Economic Policy Institute, Declining American Incomes and Living Standards, 1994.

9. Craig R. Whitney, «West European Companies Head East for Cheap Labor,» New York Times, February 9, 1995, p. Dl.

10. Richard J. Murnane, John B. Willet, and Frank Lew, «The Growing Importance of Cognitive Skills in Wage Determination,» Review of Economics and Statistics, May 1995, p. 258.

11. Neal Templin, «Dr. Goodwrench, Auto Plants Are Demanding Higher Skilled Labor,» Wall Street Journal, March 11, 1994, p, 1.

12. U. S. Department of Commerce, Survey of Current Business (Washington, D, C.:

U. S. Government Printing Office, 1994), pp. 82, 84.

13 Paul Krugman, Peddling Prosperity (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994), p. 231.

14. Eli Berman, John Bound, and Svi Griliches, «Changes in the Demand for Skilled Labor in U. S. Manufacturing,» Quarterly Journal of Economics, May 1994, p. 367.

15. Robert Z. Lawrence and Matthew J. Slaughter, «Trade and U.S. Wages: Great Sucking Sound or Small Hiccup?» Micro-BPEA Meetings, Washington, D. C., June 1993; Paul Krugman and Robert Lawrence, Trade, Jobs, and Wages, MIT Working Paper, 1994.

16. George J. Borjas and Valerie A. Ramey, «Time Series Evidence on the Sources of Trends in Wage Inequality,» AEA Papers and Proceedings, May 1994, p. 10.

17. Farhad Rassekh, «The Role of International Trade in the Convergence of Per Capita GDP in the OECD, 1950–1980,» International Economics Journal, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Winter 1992), p. 1; Manouchehr Mokhtari and Farhad Rassekh, «The Tendency Toward Factor Price Equalization Among OECD Countries,» Review of Economics and Statistics, November 1989, p 636; Dan Ben-David, «Equalizing Exchange, Trade, Liberalization and Convergence,» Quarterly Journal of Economics, August 1993, p. 653; Ana L. Revenga, «Exporting Jobs,» Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 1992, p. 255; David L. Dollar and Edward N. Woffi, «Convergence of In dustrial Labor Productivity Among Advanced Economies, 1963–1982,» Review of Economics and Statistics, November 1988, p. 549.

18. Jeffrey D. Sachs and Howard J. Shatz, Trade and Jobs in U. S. Manufacturing, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, No. 1, 1994, p. 1.

19. Derek Bok, The Cost of Talent (New York: Free Press, 1993), p. 223.

20. Ibid,

21. Rassekh, «The Role of International Trade,» p. 1.

22. Economic Report of the President 1995, p. 279.

23. Economic Policy Institute, Declining American Incomes and Living Standards (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1994), p. 12.

24. Laura D'Andrea Tyson, William T, Dickens, and John Zysman, The Dynamics of Trade and Employment (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1988), p. 102.

25. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, Series P-60 (Washington, D. C.: U. S, Government Printing Office, 1973, 1993), pp. 119, 144.

26. Robert H. Topel, «Regional Labor Markets and the Determination of Wage Inequality,» American Economic Review, May 1994, p. 17.

27. Harold Lydall, A Theory of Income Distnbution (Oxford, U. K.: Clarendon Press, 1979).

28. Lester C. Thurow, Generating Inequality (New York: Basic Books, 1974).

29. Michael Sattinger, «Assignment Models of the Distribution of Earnings,» Journal of Economic Literature, June 1993, p. 833.

30. Thurow, Generating Inequality.

31. Ibid.

32. Robert H. Frank, «Talent and the Winner-Take-All Society,» American Prospect, Spring 1994, p. 99.

33. Robert Taylor, «Decline in Worker Organization,» Financial Times, June 2, 1995, p. 8.

34. «Trade Unions: Adapt or Die,» The Economist, July 1, 1995, p. 60.

35. George J. Borjas and Valerie A. Ramey, Foreign Competition, Market Power and Wage Inequality: Theory and Evidence, Working Paper No. 4556 NBER, December

1993; Lawrence M. Kahn and Michael Curme, «Unions and Nonunion Wage Dispersion,» Review of Economics and Statistics, November 1987, p. 600.

36. Economic Policy Institute, Paying the Toll (Washington, D. C., 1994), p. 1.

37. «Nothing Could Be Finer,» The Economist, November 19, 1994, p. 77.

38. Ibid.

39. Economic Policy Institute, Paying the Toll, p. 1.

1. Jeffrey С. Fuhrer, ed., Goals, Guidelines, and Constraints Facing Monetary Policy-makers (Boston: Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, June 1994).

2. Robert Hershey, Jr., «Federal Reserve Raises Its Rates 7th Time in a Year,» New York Times, February 2, 1995, p. 1.

3. «Economy Expanded As Inflation Fell,» New York Times, October 23, 1995, p. 34.

4. Louis Uchitelle, «Labor Costs Show Small Increase,» New York Times, January 2, 1995, p. Dl; «Core U. S. Inflation Lowest Since 1965,» International Herald Tribune, January 12, 1995, p. 5; «OECD: No Inflation Problem Seen in 1995,» International Herald Tribune, December 21, 1994, p. 1.

5. Joshua Ogawa, «Wholesale Prices Estimated to Have Kept Falling,» Nikkei Weekly, June 12, 1995, p. 3.

6. Robert D. Herse, Jr., «Statistics Never Lie, but They Increasingly Mislead in America,» International Herald Tribune, January 17, 1995, p. 17.

7. Mark K. Sherwood, «Difficulties in the Measurement of Service Outputs,» Monthly Labor Review, March 1994, p. 1.

8. «Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Deficit?» The Economist, September 30, 1995, p.

9. Zvi Griliches, «Productivity R amp;D, and the Data Constraint,» American Economic Review, March 1994, p. 1.

10. James Aley, «Medical Inflation Lives,» Fortune, March 20, 1995, p. 24.

11. Robert Barro, in The Bank of England's Quarterly Bulletin; цит. по: «The Costs of Inflation,» The Economist, May 13, 1995, p. 90.

12. Samuel Brittan, «Elusive Case for Stable Prices,» Financial Times, May 18, 1995 p. 9.

13. Samuel Brittan, The Role and Limits of Government (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983), p. 113.

14. «What's Happening to Inflation?» The Economist, September 16, 1995, p. 85.

15. Lenore Schiff, «Why Inflation Will Keep Falling,» Fortune, October 2, 1995, p. 59.